Selected Peer Reviewed Literature
The following is a selected bibliography from the peer reviewed literature which will give the reader a broad overview of the current understanding of TMS in the treatment of depression. It includes safety, efficacy, durability and methods of action research.

A - E
F - J
K - N
O - Z
  1. American Psychiatric Association (1990).  The Practice of Electroconvulsive Therapy: Recommendations for treatment, training, and privileging: A task force report of the American Psychiatric Association. Washington DC.
  2. Anand, S. and Hotson, J. (2002) Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: Neurophysiological applications and safety.  Brain and cognition;50:366-86.
  3. Avery, D. (2001). Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of depression. Essent. Psychopharmacol. 4(1): 3-48.
  4. Avery DH, Claypoole K, Robinson L, Neumaier J, Dunner D, Scheele L, Wilson L, Roy-Byrne P. (1999) Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of medication-resistant depression: preliminary data. Journal of nervous and mental diseases; 87:114-117 (ramdomized#5).
  5. Awiszus F. (2003, In-Press). TMS and Threshold Hunting. Clinical Neurophysiology, Suppl. 56: 13-23
  6. Baker, S. N., E. Olivier, et al. (1995). Recording an identified pyramidal volley evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation in a conscious macaque monkey. Experimental Brain Research 99: 529-532.
  7. Baker, S. N., E. Olivier, et al. (1995). Task-related variation in corticospinal output evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation in the macaque monkey. J. Physiology 488: 795-801.
  8. Barker AT, R. Jalinous, I.L. Freeston: (1985) Non-invasive magnetic stimulation of the human motor cortex. Lancet 1: 1106-1107
  9. Barnes CA, (1988) Spatial learning and memory processes: the search for their neurobiological mechanisms in the rat. Trends in Neuroscience; 11:163-9
  10. Baudewig, J., H.R. Sieber, et al. (2001) Functional MRI of cortical activations induced by transcranialmagnetic stimulation (TMS). NeuroReport 12: 3543-3548.
  11. Belmaker, B. et al. (2002). ISTS consensus statement on managing the risks of rTMS, July.
  12. Ben-Sachar, D., R. H. Belmaker, et al. (1997). Transcranial magnetic stimulation induces alterations in brain monoamines. J. Neural.Transm. 104: 191-197.
  13. Berman RM, Narasimhan M, Sanacora G, Miano AP, Hoffman RE, Hu S, Charney D, Boutros N. (2000) A ramdomized clinical trial of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of major depression. Biol Psychiatry; 48:962-970.
  14. Bohning, D.E., A. Shastri, et al. (1999) A combined TMS/MRI study of intensity-dependent TMS over motor-cortex. Biol. Psychiatry 45: 385-394.
  15. Bohning, D.E., A. Shastri, L. McGavin, et al. (2000) Motor cortex brain activity induced by 1-Hz transcranial magnetic stimulation is similar in location and level to that for volitional movement. Invest. Radiol. 35(11) 676-683.
  16. Bohning, D.E., A. Shastri et al. (1998) Echoplanar BOLD fMRI of brain activation induced by concurrent transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Invest. Radiol. 33(6): 336-340.
  17. Bohning, D.E., A. Shastri, E.M. Wassermann, et al. (2000) fMRI response to single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) J. MRI: 569-574.
  18. Bourgon, L. N. and C. H. Kellner (2000). Relapse of depression after ECT: a review. J. ECT 16(1): 19-31.
  19. Boutros, N.N., Gueorguieva, R., Hoffman, R.E., Oren, D.A., Feingold, A., Berman, R. (2002) Lack of therapeutic effect of a 2-week sub-threshold transcranial magnetic stimulation course for treatment-resistant depression. Psychiatry Res; 113:245-54.
  20. Boutros, N.N, Miano, A.P, Hoffman, R.E., Berman, R.M. (2001). EEG monitoring in depressed patients undergoing repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, spring; 13:197-205.
  21. Bridgers S, Delaney R.(1989). Transcranial magnetic stimulation: An assessment of cognitive and other cerebral effects. Neurology; 39:417-19.
  22. Burt, T., S. H. Lisanby, et al. (2002). Neuropsychiatric applications of transcranial magnetic stimulation. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacology 5(1): 73-103.
  23. Chanpattana, W. and H. A. Sackeim (inpress). Electroconvulsive therapy in treatment-resistant schizophrenia: prediction of response and the nature of symptomatic improvement. Schiz Bull.
  24. Chen, R., C. Gerloff, et al. (1997). Safety of different inter-train intervals for repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and recommendations for safe ranges of stimulation parameters. Neurology 48(5): 1398-1403.
  25. Chistyakov AV, Soustiel JF, Hafner M, Trubnik M. (2001). Excitatory and inhibitory corticospinal responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with minor to moderate head injury. J neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry:70:580-87.
  26. Cohrs, S., F. Tergau, et al. (2001). Suprathreshold repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation elevates thyroid-stimulating hormone in healthy male subjects. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 189(6): 393-7.
  27. Conca, A., DiPauli, J., Beraus, W., Hausmann, A., Peschina, W., Schneider, H., Koenig, P., Hinterhuber, H. (2002). Combining high and low frequencies in rTMS antidepressive treatment: preliminary results. Human Psychopharmacology; 17:353-56.
  28. Conca, A., Koppi S, Konig P, Swoboda E, Krecke N. (1996). Transcranial magnetic stimulation: a novel antidepressive strategy? Neuropsychobiology; 34(4):204-7.
  29. Conca, A., Swoboda, E., Koenig, P., Koppi, S., Beraus, W., Huernz, A., Fritzsche, H., Weib, P. (2000). Clinical impacts of single transcranial magnetic stimulation (sTMS) as an add-on therapy in severely depressed patients under SSRI treatment. Human Psychopharmacology; 15:429-43.
  30. Counter SA, (1993) Neurobiological effects of extensive transcranial electromagnetic stimulation in an animal model. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology; 89: 341-8
  31. Counter, S. A., E. Borg, et al. (1990). Hearing loss from the acoustic artifact of the coil used in extracranial magnetic stimulation. Neurology 40(8): 1159-1162.
  32. Czech B, Fischer AK, Fuchs E, Erhardt A, Welt T, Scmitt W, Toschi N, Keck ME, (2000) Chronic psycho-social stress in rats: effects of concomitant repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Society of Neuroscience abstracts; 876:15
  33. Dalby NO, et al., (1995) Increase in GAP-43 and GFAP immunoreactivity in the rat hippocampus subsequent to perforant path kindling. Journal of Neuroscience Research; 41:613-9
  34. Dannon, P. N., O. T. Dolberg, et al. (2002). Three and six-month outcome following courses of either ECT or rTMS in a population of severely depressed individuals--preliminary report. Biol. Psychiatry 51(8): 687-90.
  35. Dannon, P.N., and L. Grunhaus, (2003) Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is effective following repeated courses in the treatment of major depressive disorder- a case report. Human Psychopharmacol. 18: 313-315.
  36. Desmurget, M., C. M. Epstein, et al. (1999). Role of the posterior parietal cortex in updating reaching movements to a visual target. Nature Neuroscience 2: 563-567.
  37. Dhuna, A.K., Gates, J.R., Pascual-Leone, A. (1991) Transcranial Stimulation in patients with Epilepsy. Neurology. 41; 1067-71
  38. Diggle, P.J., P. Heagerty, Zeger. (2002) Analysis of Longitudinal Data. Oxford Statisitical Sciences, Series 25, 2nd Edition. Oxford Univ. Press, London.
  39. Dolberg, O., Schreiber, S., Grunhaus, L. (2001) Transcranial magnetic stimulation- Induced switch into mania: A report of two cases. Biol psychiatry; 49:468-70.
  40. Ebert U, et al., (1999) Altered sizure susceptibility after high frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation in rats. Neuroscience Letters; 273:155-8
  41. Edgley, S. A., J. A. Eyre, et al. (1990). Excitation of the corticospinal tract by electromagnetic and electrical stimulation of the scalp in the macaque monkey. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 425: 301-320.
  42. Efron, B. (1971) Forcing a sequential experiment to be balanced. Biometrika 58: 403-417.
  43. Epstein, C.M., G.S. Figiel et al. (1998) Rapid rate transcranial magnetic stimulation in young and middle-aged refractory depressed patients. Psychiatric Annals 28: 36-39.
  44. Epstein, C.M., Y.M. Greene. (2000) Clinical report of a multi-center, randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial of a left prefrontal cortex rTMS in treatment-resistant depression. Neotonus Neopulse rTMS System, Clinical Study Report (Appendix 3).
  45. Epstein, C. M., R. Verson, et al. (1996). Magnetic coil stimulation suppresses visual perception at an extra-calcarine site. J. Clin. Neurophysiol 13: 247-252.
  46. Eschweiler GW, Wegerer C, Schlotter W, Spandl C, Stevens A, Bartels M, Buchkremer G. (2000). Left prefrontal activation predicts therapeutic effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in major depression. Psychiatry Res:99:161-72.
  47. Eschweiler, G. W., C. Plewnia, et al. (2000). Does clinical response to repetitive prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation (r TMS) predict response to electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in cases of major depression? Can. J. Psychiatry 45(9): 845-6.
  48. Evers, S., Hengst, K., Pecuch, P.W. (2001). The impact of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of pituitary hormone levels and cortisol in healthy subjects. J Affect Disor; 66:83-8.

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  49. Feinsod, M., B. Kreinin, et al. (1998). Preliminary evidence for a beneficial effect of low-frequency, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with major depression and schizophrenia. Depress. Anxiety 7(2): 65-68.
  50. Fleischmann, A., A. Sternheim, et al. (1996). Transcranial magnetic stimulation downregulates beta-adrenoreceptors in rat cortex. J. Neural. Transm. 103: 1361-1366.
  51. Figiel, G.S., Epstein, C., McDonald, W.M., Amazon-Leece, J., Figiel, L., Saldivia, A., Glover, S. (1998). The use of rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in refractory depressed patients. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci; 10(1):20-5.
  52. Fitzgerald, P.B., Brown, T.L., Daskalakis, Z.J. (2002). The application of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in psychiatry and neurosciences research. Acta Psychiatr scand;105:324-40
  53. Flitman, S. S., J. Grafman, et al. (1998). Linguistic processing during repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neurology 50: 175-181.
  54. Foerster A, Schmitz JM, Nouri S, Claus D., (1997) Safety of rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation: heart rate and blood pressure changes. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 104: 207-212.
  55. Freidman, L.M., Furberg, C., Demets, D.L. (1998) Fundamentals of Clinical Trials. 3rd Edition. Springer Verlag.
  56. Fu, W., L. A. Stool, et al. (1997). Acute hemodynamic responses to electroconvulsive therapy are not related to the duration of seizure activity. J. Clin. Anesth. 9(8): 653-7.
  57. Fujiki M, Steward O, (1997) High Frequency Trancranial stimulation mimics the effects of ECS in upregulation astroglia gene expression in the murine CNS. Molecular Brain Research; 44:301-8
  58. Garcia-Toro, M., A. Pascual-Leone, et al. (2001). Prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation as add-on treatment in depression. J. Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 71: 546-548.
  59. Garcia-Toro, M., Mayol, A., Arnillas, H., Capllonch, I., Ibarra, O. (2001). Modest adjunctive benefit with transcranial magnetic stimulation in medication-resistant depression. J Affect Disord; 64:271-75.
  60. Gates, J., Dhuna, A., Pascual-Leone, A. (1992). Lack of pathologic changes in human temporal lobes after Transcranial magnetic stimulation. Epilepsia; 33(3):504-8.
  61. Geller, V., Grisaru, N., Abarbanel, J.M., Lemberg, T., Belmaker, R.H. (1997). Slow magnetic stimulation of prefrontal cortex in depression and schizophrenia. Prog Neuro-psychopharmacol & Biol Psychiat; 21:105-110.
  62. George, M. S. et al. Transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neurosurg Clin N Am 14 (2003) 283-301.
  63. George, M. S. and R. H. Belmaker (2000). Transcranial magnetic stimulation in neuropsychiatry. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Press.
  64. George, M.S. and D.E. Bohning (2002). Measuring brain connectivity with functional imaging and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). In Desimone B (eds): Neuropsychopharmacology, Fifth Generation of Progress, New York. Lipincott, Willliamsn and Wilkins, 393-410.
  65. George. M.S., T. Huggins, et al. (1998) Abnormal facial emotion recognition in depression: serial testing in an ultra-rapid-cycling patient. Behavior Modification 22: 192-204.
  66. George, M. S., S. H. Lisanby, et al. (1999). Transcranial magnetic stimulation - Applications in neuropsychiatry. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 56(4): 300-311.
  67. George, M. S., Z. Nahas, et al. (2000). A controlled trial of daily transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the left prefrontal cortex for treating depression. Biological Psychiatry 48(10): 962-970.
  68. George, M., Stallings, L., Speer, A., Nahas, Z., Spicer, K. (1999). Prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) Changes relative perfusion locally and remotely. Hum Psychopharmacology. Clin. Exp.; 14:161-70.
  69. George, M. S., E. M. Wassermann, et al. (1997). Mood improvement following daily left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with depression - a placebo-controlled crossover trial. Am. J. Psychiatry 154(12): 1752-1756.
  70. George, M. S., E. M. Wassermann, et al. (1996). Changes in mood and hormone levels after rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation of the prefrontal cortex. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neuro. 8: 172-180.
  71. George, M. S., E. M. Wassermann, et al. (1995). Daily repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) improves mood in depression. NeuroReport 6: 1853-1856.
  72. George M.S., et al, (1994) Rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and ECT. Convulsive Therapy 10(4), 251-253.
  73. Gershon, A. A., P. N. Dannon, et al. (2003). Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of depression. Am. J. Psychiatry 160: 835-845.
  74. Ghaly, R. F., J. L. Stone, et al. (1990). Effects of incremental ketamine hydrochloride doses on motor evoked potentials (MEPs) following transcranial magnetic stimulation: a primate study. J. Neurosurg. Anesthesiol. 2: 79-85.
  75. Grafman, J. (2000). TMS as a primary brain mapping tool. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in neuropsychiatry. M. S. George and R. H. Belmaker. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Press, Inc: 115-140.
  76. Grafman, J. and E. Wassermann (1999). Transcranial magnetic stimulation can measure and modulate learning and memory. Neuropsychologia 37(2): 159-167.
  77. Green, R.M., Pascual-Leone, A., Wassermann, E.M., (1997). Ethical guidelines for rTMS research. IRB; 19:1-7.
  78. Greene YM, and W.M. McDonald et al. (1999) An open trial of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in treatment resistant depression. Abstract American Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting. Washington DC.
  79. Grisaru, N., U. Yarovslavsky, et al. (1994). Transcranial magnetic stimulation in depression and schizophrenia. European Neuropsychopharmacology 4: 287-288.
  80. Grunhaus, L., P. N. Dannon, et al. (2000). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is as effective as electroconvulsive therapy in the treatment of nondelusional major depressive disorder: an open study. Biological Psychiatry (47)4: 314-324.
  81. Grunhaus, L., S. Schreiber, et al. (2003). A randomized controlled comparison of ECT and rTMS in severe and resistant non-psychotic major depression. Biological Psychiatry 53: 324-331.
  82. Hallett, M., Wassermann, E.M., Pascual-Leone, A., Valls-Sole, J., (1999). Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol. Supp.; 52:105-113.
  83. Hausmann A, et al., (2000) Chronic repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation enhances c-fos in the parietal cortex and hippocampus. Molecular Brain Research; 76:355-62
  84. Heikman, P., H. Katila, et al. (2002). Differential response to right unilateral ECT in depressed patients: impact of comorbidity and severity of illness. BMC Psychiatry 2(1): 2.
  85. Herwig U., and F. Padberg, et al. (2001) Transcranial magnetic stimulation in therapy studies: examination of the reliability of "standard" coil positioning by neuronavigation. Biological Psychiatry, 50(1), 58-61.
  86. Herwig, U., and Y. Lampe, et al. (2003) Add-on rTMS for treatment of depression: a pilot study using stereotaxic coil-navigation according to PET data. J. Psychiatric Research, 37: 267-275.
  87. Hoffman, R.E., Hawkins, K.A., Gueorguieva, R., Boutros, N., Rachid, F., Carrol, K., Krystal, J. (2003). Transcranial magnetic stimulation of left temporoparietal cortex and medication- resistant auditory hallucinations. Arch Gen psychiatry; 60:49-56
  88. Hoflich, G., S. Kasper, et al. (1993). Application of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of drug-resistant major depression. Human Psychopharmacology 8: 361-365.
  89. Holtzheimer, P. E., J. Russo, et al. (2001). A meta-analysis of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of depression. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 35: 149-169.
  90. Jahanshahi, M., Ridding, M.C., Limousin, P., Profice, P., Fogel, W. (1997). Rapid Rate Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation a safety study. Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol.;105:422-9
  91. Janicak, P, et al. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) in the Treatment of Major Depression: A Comprehensive Summary of Safety Experience from Acute Exposure, Extended Exposure and During Reintroduction Treatment. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, February 2008; Volume 69, no. 2, pp 222-232.
  92. Janicak, P. G., S. M. Dowd, et al. (2002). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation versus electroconvulsive therapy for major depression: preliminary results of a randomized trial. Biological Psychiatry 51: 659-667.
  93. Janicak, P. G., M. Viana, et al. (2002). Comment on repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation versus electroconvulsive therapy for major depression: Preliminary results of a randomized trial - Reply. [Letter]. Biological Psychiatry 52(10): 1033.
  94. Jennum, P. and H. Klitgaard (1996). rTMS of the rat: Effect of acute and chronic stimulations on pentylenetetrazole-induced clonic seizures. Epilepsy Research 23: 115-122.
  95. Josephs, O., B.S. Othwal, et al, (1999) Transcranial magnetic stimulation with simultaneous undistorted functional magnetic resonance imaging. Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Meeting of the ISMRM 1696.

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  96. Kahn, A., S. R. Khan, et al. (2002) Relative sensitivity of the Montgomery-Ashberg Depression Rating Scale, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and the Clinical Global Impressions Rating Scale in antidepressant trials. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 17(6): 281-285.
  97. Kammer, T., S. Beck, et al. (2001) Motor thresholds in humans: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study comparing different pulse waveforms, current directions and stimulator types. Clinical Neurophys. 112: 250-258.
  98. Keel, J.C., Smith, M.J., Wassermann, E.M. (2001) A safety screening questionnaire for Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Clin Neurophysiol; 112:720.
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